Los Angeles police officers fired 40-millimeter projectiles intended to stop people through "pain compliance" at least 133 times last year — including nine cases where civilians were also shot at with firearms, according to a department report made public this week.

LAPD officers use "less-lethal" launcher devices far more often than other big-city agencies, the report to the department's civilian oversight commission found, renewing questions about whether they are an effective tool for subduing uncooperative individuals, as top officials have insisted. Five of the incidents where officers used both launchers and firearms were fatal.

Among the country's five biggest police departments, only Houston and the LAPD assigned patrol officers the 40-millimeter launcher, which fires hard-foam projectiles roughly the size of a mini soda can at more than 200 mph. Houston police shot the weapons just 21 times last year, according to the report presented to the Police Commission on Tuesday.

Of the rounds fired by LAPD officers last year, about 37% led to the target being successfully subdued — compared with an "effectiveness rate" of roughly 45% in the prior three years combined when the discharges were tallied differently, the report said.

LAPD officers fired 40-millimeter rounds in at least nine of the 34 police shootings last year, compared with at least four times in 31 shootings the year before, the report found. It was not until last year that the department began counting cases in which officers fired a 40-millimeter round and missed, making comparisons with previous years difficult. The tally also doesn't include incidents during a "crowd-control situation or riots."

The commission asked for the report after the Feb. 3 deadly shooting of Jason Maccani by police during what his family described as a bipolar episode. Officers fired a 40-millimeter projectile and two beanbag rounds at Maccani as he walked toward them while holding what was later revealed to be a plastic fork, according to video of the incident. Moments after being struck, Maccani cried out and lunged toward the officers, which is when he was fatally shot.

The incident drew widespread condemnation from activists, city officials and former Police Chief Michel Moore, who said he had "concerns" about the officers' actions.

At a commission meeting days after Maccani's death, several members questioned whether officers were waiting too long before using weapons meant to avoid killing.

Maccani's family has filed a $20-million wrongful death lawsuit against the city.

Department officials acknowledged that there was some confusion about when and how the weapons can be deployed after the passage of a recent state law. Moore, who retired at the end of February, said the department's policy was updated late last year based on analysis of recent court decisions to allow their use against anyone who poses an immediate public safety threat. Previously, he said, such "intermediate force weapons" could be deployed when officers had reason to believe that the subject was "unsafe to approach."

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