Section 3 of 17 - Table of Contents
CONJUGATION
The _conjugation_ of a verb is its orderly arrangement in voices, moods,
tenses, persons and numbers.
Here is the complete conjugation of the verb "Love"--_Active Voice_.
PRINCIPAL PARTS
Present Past Past Participle
Love Loved Loved
Infinitive Mood
To Love
Indicative Mood
PRESENT TENSE
Sing. Plural
1st person I love We love
2nd person You love You love
3rd person He loves They love
PAST TENSE
Sing. Plural
1st person I loved We loved
2nd person You loved You loved
3rd person He loved They loved
FUTURE TENSE
Sing. Plural
1st person I shall love They will love
2nd person You will love You will love
3rd person He will love We shall love
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Sing. Plural
1st person I have loved We have loved
2nd person You have loved You have loved
3rd person He has loved They have loved
PAST PERFECT TENSE
Sing. Plural
1st person I had loved We had loved
2nd person You had loved You had loved
3rd person He had loved They had loved
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Sing. Plural
1st person I shall have loved We shall have loved
2nd person You will have loved You will have loved
3rd person He will have loved They will have loved
Imperative Mood
(PRESENT TENSE ONLY)
Sing. Plural
2nd person Love (you) Love (you)
Subjunctive Mood
PRESENT TENSE
Sing. Plural
1st person If I love If we love
2nd person If you love If you love
3rd person If he love If they love
PAST TENSE
Sing. Plural
1st person If I loved If we loved
2nd person If you loved If you loved
3rd person If he loved If they loved
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Sing. Plural
1st person If I have loved If we have loved
2nd person If you have loved If you have loved
3rd person If he has loved If they have loved
PAST PERFECT TENSE
Sing. Plural
1st person If I had loved If we had loved
2nd person If you had loved If you had loved
3rd person If he had loved If they had loved
INFINITIVES
Present Perfect
To love To have loved
PARTICIPLES
Present Past Perfect
Loving Loved Having loved
CONJUGATION OF "To Love"
Passive Voice
Indicative Mood
PRESENT TENSE
Sing. Plural
1st person I am loved We are loved
2nd person You are loved You are loved
3rd person He is loved They are loved
PAST TENSE
Sing. Plural
1st person I was loved We were loved
2nd person You were loved You were loved
3rd person He was loved They were loved
FUTURE TENSE
Sing. Plural
1st person I shall be loved We shall be loved
2nd person You will be loved You will be loved
3rd person He will be loved They will be loved
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Sing. Plural
1st person I have been loved We have been loved
2nd person You have been loved You have been loved
3rd person He has been loved They have been loved
PAST PERFECT TENSE
Sing. Plural
1st person I had been loved We had been loved
2nd person You had been loved You had been loved
3rd person He had been loved They had been loved
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Sing. Plural
1st person I shall have been loved We shall have been loved
2nd person You will have been loved You will have been loved
3rd person He will have been loved They will have been loved
Imperative Mood
(PRESENT TENSE ONLY)
Sing. Plural
2nd person Be (you) loved Be (you) loved
Subjunctive Mood
PRESENT TENSE
Sing. Plural
1st person If I be loved If we be loved
2nd person If you be loved If you be loved
3rd person If he be loved If they be loved
PAST TENSE
Sing. Plural
1st person If I were loved If they were loved
2nd person If you were loved If you were loved
3rd person If he were loved If we were loved
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Sing. Plural
1st person If I have been loved If we have been loved
2nd person If you have been loved If you have been loved
3rd person If he has been loved If they have been loved
PAST PERFECT TENSE
Sing. Plural
1st person If I had been loved If we had been loved
2nd person If you had been loved If you had been loved
3rd person If he had been loved If they had been loved
INFINITIVES
Present Perfect
To be loved To have been loved
PARTICIPLES
Present Past Perfect
Being loved Been loved Having been loved
(N. B.--Note that the plural form of the personal pronoun, _you_, is used
in the second person singular throughout. The old form _thou_, except in
the conjugation of the verb "To Be," may be said to be obsolete. In the
third person singular he is representative of the three personal pronouns
of the third person, _He_, _She_ and _It_.)
ADVERB
An _adverb_ is a word which modifies a verb, an adjective or another
adverb. Thus, in the example--"He writes _well_," the adverb shows the
manner in which the writing is performed; in the examples--"He is
remarkably diligent" and "He works very faithfully," the adverbs modify
the adjective _diligent_ and the other adverb _faithfully_ by expressing
the degree of diligence and faithfulness.
Adverbs are chiefly used to express in one word what would otherwise
require two or more words; thus, _There_ signifies in that place;
_whence_, from what place; _usefully_, in a useful manner.
Adverbs, like adjectives, are sometimes varied in their terminations to
express comparison and different degrees of quality.
Some adverbs form the comparative and superlative by adding _er_ and
_est_; as, _soon_, _sooner_, _soonest_.
Adverbs which end in _ly_ are compared by prefixing _more_ and _most_;
as, _nobly_, _more nobly_, _most nobly_.
A few adverbs are irregular in the formation of the comparative and
superlative; as, _well_, _better_, _best_.
PREPOSITION
A _preposition_ connects words, clauses, and sentences together and shows
the relation between them. "My hand is on the table" shows relation
between hand and table.
Prepositions are so called because they are generally placed _before_ the
words whose connection or relation with other words they point out.
CONJUNCTION
A _conjunction_ joins words, clauses and sentences; as "John _and_
James." "My father and mother have come, _but_ I have not seen them."
The conjunctions in most general use are _and, also; either, or; neither,
nor; though, yet; but, however; for, that; because, since; therefore,
wherefore, then; if, unless, lest_.
INTERJECTION
An _interjection_ is a word used to express some sudden emotion of the
mind. Thus in the examples,--"Ah! there he comes; alas! what shall I do?"
_ah_, expresses surprise, and _alas_, distress.
Nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs become interjections when they are
uttered as exclamations, as, _nonsense! strange! hail! away!_ etc.
We have now enumerated the parts of speech and as briefly as possible
stated the functions of each. As they all belong to the same family they
are related to one another but some are in closer affinity than others.
To point out the exact relationship and the dependency of one word on
another is called _parsing_ and in order that every etymological
connection may be distinctly understood a brief resume of the foregoing
essentials is here given:
The signification of the noun is _limited_ to _one_, but to any _one_ of
the kind, by the _indefinite_ article, and to some _particular_ one, or
some particular _number_, by the _definite_ article.
_Nouns_, in one form, represent _one_ of a kind, and in another, _any
number_ more than one; they are the _names of males_, or _females_, or of
objects which are neither male nor female; and they represent the
_subject_ of an affirmation, a command or a question,--the _owner_ or
_possessor_ of a thing,--or the _object_ of an action, or of a relation
expressed by a preposition.
_Adjectives_ express the _qualities_ which distinguish one person or
thing from another; in one form they express quality _without
comparison_; in another, they express comparison _between two_, or
between _one_ and a number taken collectively,--and in a third they
express comparison between _one_ and a _number_ of others taken
separately.
_Pronouns_ are used in place of nouns; one class of them is used merely
as the _substitutes_ of _names_; the pronouns of another class have a
peculiar _reference_ to some _preceding words_ in the _sentence_, of
which they are the substitutes,--and those of a third class refer
adjectively to the persons or things they represent. Some pronouns are
used for both the _name_ and the _substitute_; and several are frequently
employed in _asking questions_.
_Affirmations_ and _commands_ are expressed by the verb; and different
inflections of the verb express _number_, _person_, _time_ and _manner_.
With regard to _time_, an affirmation may be _present_ or _past_ or
_future_; with regard to manner, an affirmation may be _positive_ or
_conditional_, it being doubtful whether the condition is fulfilled or
not, or it being implied that it is not fulfilled;--the verb may express
_command_ or _entreaty_; or the sense of the verb may be expressed
_without affirming_ or _commanding_. The verb also expresses that an
action or state _is_ or _was_ going on, by a form which is also used
sometimes as a noun, and sometimes to qualify nouns.
_Affirmations_ are _modified_ by _adverbs_, some of which can be
inflected to express different degrees of modification.
Words are joined together by _conjunctions_; and the various _relations_
which one thing bears to another are expressed by _'prepositions. Sudden
emotions_ of the mind, and _exclamations_ are expressed by _interjections_.
Some words according to meaning belong sometimes to one part of speech,
sometimes to another. Thus, in "After a storm comes a _calm_," _calm_ is
a noun; in "It is a _calm_ evening," _calm_ is an adjective; and in
"_Calm_ your fears," _calm_ is a verb.
The following sentence containing all the parts of speech is parsed
etymologically:
_"I now see the old man coming, but, alas, he has walked with much
difficulty."_
_I_, a personal pronoun, first person singular, masculine or feminine
gender, nominative case, subject of the verb _see_.
_now_, an adverb of time modifying the verb _see_.
_see_, an irregular, transitive verb, indicative mood, present tense,
first person singular to agree with its nominative or subject I.
_the_, the definite article particularizing the noun man.
_old_, an adjective, positive degree, qualifying the noun man.
_man_, a common noun, 3rd person singular, masculine gender, objective
case governed by the transitive verb _see_.
_coming_, the present or imperfect participle of the verb "to come"
referring to the noun man.
_but_, a conjunction.
_alas_, an interjection, expressing pity or sorrow.
_he_, a personal pronoun, 3rd person singular, masculine gender,
nominative case, subject of verb has walked.
_has walked_, a regular, intransitive verb, indicative mood, perfect tense,
3rd person singular to agree with its nominative or subject _he_.
_with_, a preposition, governing the noun difficulty.
_much_, an adjective, positive degree, qualifying the noun difficulty.
_difficulty_, a common noun, 3rd person singular, neuter gender,
objective case governed by the preposition _with_.
N.B.--_Much_ is generally an adverb. As an adjective it is thus compared:
Positive Comparative Superlative
much more most
CHAPTER III
THE SENTENCE
Different Kinds--Arrangement of Words--Paragraph
A sentence is an assemblage of words so arranged as to convey a determinate
sense or meaning, in other words, to express a complete thought or idea.
No matter how short, it must contain one finite verb and a subject or agent
to direct the action of the verb.
"Birds fly;" "Fish swim;" "Men walk;"--are sentences.
A sentence always contains two parts, something spoken about and something
said about it. The word or words indicating what is spoken about form what
is called the _subject_ and the word or words indicating what is said about
it form what is called the _predicate_.
In the sentences given, _birds_, _fish_ and _men_ are the subjects, while
_fly_, _swim_ and _walk_ are the predicates.
There are three kinds of sentences, _simple_, _compound_ and _complex_.
The _simple sentence_ expresses a single thought and consists of one
subject and one predicate, as, "Man is mortal."
A _compound sentence_ consists of two or more simple sentences of equal
importance the parts of which are either expressed or understood, as,
"The men work in the fields and the women work in the household," or "The
men work in the fields and the women in the household" or "The men and
women work in the fields and in the household."
A _complex sentence_ consists of two or more simple sentences so combined
that one depends on the other to complete its meaning; as; "When he
returns, I shall go on my vacation." Here the words, "when he returns"
are dependent on the rest of the sentence for their meaning.
A _clause_ is a separate part of a complex sentence, as "when he returns"
in the last example.
A _phrase_ consists of two or more words without a finite verb.
Without a finite verb we cannot affirm anything or convey an idea,
therefore we can have no sentence.
Infinitives and participles which are the infinite parts of the verb
cannot be predicates. "I looking up the street" is not a sentence, for it
is not a complete action expressed. When we hear such an expression as "A
dog running along the street," we wait for something more to be added,
something more affirmed about the dog, whether he bit or barked or fell
dead or was run over.
Thus in every sentence there must be a finite verb to limit the subject.
When the verb is transitive, that is, when the action cannot happen
without affecting something, the thing affected is called the _object_.
Thus in "Cain killed Abel" the action of the killing affected Abel. In
"The cat has caught a mouse," mouse is the object of the catching.
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